ESG and TORe: The Latest Clinical Evidence for Endoscopic Weight Loss (2026 Update)

ESG and TORe: What the Latest Research Tells Us About Non-Surgical Weight Loss

For patients exploring weight loss options, one of the most common questions is: "Do I really need surgery?" The good news is that endoscopic (non-surgical) weight loss procedures have matured significantly over the past few years, and we now have strong clinical evidence — including randomised controlled trials, large prospective studies, and meta-analyses covering over 15,000 patients — to help answer that question.

Two endoscopic procedures stand out in the current evidence base: Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG) and Transoral Outlet Reduction (TORe). In this article, we break down the latest data on how effective they are, how safe they are, and who they are best suited for.

What Is Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG)?

Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG) is a non-surgical weight loss procedure performed entirely through the mouth using a flexible endoscope — the same type of instrument used in a routine gastroscopy. There are no incisions, no scars, and no removal of any organs.

During ESG, the doctor uses a specialised suturing device to place a series of stitches along the inside of the stomach, reducing its volume by approximately 70–80%. The result is a sleeve-shaped stomach that holds less food, helping patients feel full sooner and eat smaller portions naturally.

Most patients go home the same day or the next morning, and recovery typically takes 3–5 days — compared to 2–4 weeks for surgical options.

Interested in learning more about ESG? Read our detailed guide: Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty at Istanbul Bariatric Center

ESG Efficacy: What the Clinical Studies Show

The evidence supporting ESG has grown substantially. Here are the key findings from major clinical studies:

The MERIT Trial (Randomised Controlled Trial)

The MERIT trial was a landmark multicentre randomised controlled trial — the gold standard of medical evidence. Patients who received ESG achieved a mean total body weight loss (TBWL) of 13.6% at 12 months, which was significantly better than lifestyle intervention alone. This trial established ESG as a clinically validated treatment, not just an experimental procedure.

Large Prospective Cohort Studies

Larger real-world studies have confirmed and even exceeded the MERIT trial results:

• A prospective multicentre study of 656 patients reported a mean TBWL of 15.5% at 12 months and 15.1% at 24 months
• A large prospective cohort of 612 patients achieved a mean TBWL of 21.2% at 12 months
• A longitudinal cohort of 216 patients reported a mean TBWL of 15.6% at 12 months

IFSO Meta-Analysis (Over 15,000 Patients)

The IFSO Bariatric Endoscopy Committee published a comprehensive meta-analysis reviewing data from 15,714 patients. The pooled mean TBWL was 17.56% at 12 months, confirming that ESG delivers consistent, reproducible results across different centres and patient populations worldwide.

ESG Long-Term Results: Does the Weight Stay Off?

One of the biggest concerns patients have about any weight loss procedure is whether the results last. The long-term data for ESG is reassuring:

A prospective study following 612 patients reported a mean TBWL of 18.19% at 4 years, with the majority of patients maintaining clinically relevant weight loss throughout the follow-up period. Separate five-year data from a longitudinal cohort confirmed a mean TBWL of 15.9% at 5 years.

These results demonstrate that ESG is not a short-term fix — patients who commit to the recommended dietary and lifestyle changes after the procedure can maintain meaningful weight loss for years.

For a deeper dive into long-term ESG data, see: ESG Long-Term Results: What the Evidence Shows

ESG Safety Profile

Safety is naturally a top priority for any patient considering a medical procedure. The data on ESG safety is very encouraging:

In the MERIT trial, the serious adverse event (SAE) rate was just 2%, with no mortality and full resolution of all events. Across the massive IFSO meta-analysis of over 15,000 patients, the pooled SAE rate was only 1.25%.

To put this in perspective, ESG has a lower complication rate than most traditional bariatric surgeries, while still delivering clinically meaningful weight loss. For more context on how ESG compares to surgical options, read: Comparing Bariatric Surgery and Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty

What Is Transoral Outlet Reduction (TORe)?

Transoral Outlet Reduction (TORe) is a specialised endoscopic procedure designed for patients who have regained weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. It is also used to treat dumping syndrome — a condition where food moves too quickly from the stomach into the small intestine, causing nausea, dizziness, and other symptoms.

Over time, the outlet (anastomosis) connecting the stomach pouch to the small intestine can stretch and enlarge after gastric bypass, allowing patients to eat larger portions and regain weight. TORe uses an endoscopic suturing device to reduce the size of this outlet, restoring the restriction that made the original surgery effective.

Like ESG, TORe is performed through the mouth with no incisions, and most patients return to normal activities within a few days.

Related reading: Revisional Bariatric Surgery in Turkey | Argon Plasma Coagulation for Weight Regain

TORe Efficacy: Results from Key Studies

TORe has been studied in several clinical investigations, with consistent results across different patient groups:

Weight Regain After Gastric Bypass

In a large study of 331 patients who had regained weight after gastric bypass, TORe achieved a mean TBWL of 8.5% at 12 months. While this may seem modest compared to ESG or primary bariatric surgery, it is important to remember that these patients had already lost significant weight from their original bypass surgery — TORe is designed to recapture lost ground, not to produce first-time weight loss.

Dumping Syndrome and Weight Regain

For patients dealing with both weight regain and dumping syndrome, TORe proved effective on both fronts: mean TBWL was 9.9% at 12 months and 8.1% at 24 months, with 61% of patients maintaining more than 5% TBWL. Resolution of dumping syndrome was observed in 57.2% of patients at 24 months.

TORe vs Surgical Revision

A matched cohort comparison found that TORe achieved comparable weight loss to surgical revision of the gastrojejunal anastomosis — but with dramatically fewer complications. TORe patients achieved 8.5% TBWL at 1 year and 8.8% at 5 years, similar to surgical outcomes.

TORe Long-Term Results

Five-year follow-up data paints an encouraging picture for TORe durability:

The five-year study of 331 patients showed that 77% of patients stopped regaining weight after TORe, with a mean absolute weight loss of 10.3 kg maintained at 5 years. This is particularly meaningful because weight regain after gastric bypass is a progressive problem — without intervention, most patients continue to regain over time.

TORe Safety Profile

TORe has demonstrated an excellent safety record, particularly when compared to surgical revision:

The contrast is striking: in the matched comparison study, TORe had 0% severe adverse events compared to 19.4% in the surgical revision group — while achieving comparable long-term weight loss. This makes TORe a compelling first-line option for patients with weight regain after gastric bypass who want to avoid a second surgery.

ESG vs TORe: Which Procedure Is Right for You?

These two procedures serve different patient populations. Here is a quick comparison to help you understand which one may be more appropriate for your situation:

For a broader look at all available options, see: Weight Loss Treatments: A Holistic Comparison

How ESG and TORe Compare to Surgical Options

Patients often ask how endoscopic procedures compare to traditional bariatric surgery. The key trade-off is straightforward:

• Surgical procedures (gastric sleeve, gastric bypass) generally produce greater total weight loss (20–35% TBWL) but carry higher complication rates and require longer recovery
• Endoscopic procedures (ESG, TORe) produce moderate but clinically meaningful weight loss (8–21% TBWL) with significantly lower complication rates and faster recovery

For many patients — especially those with a BMI between 30 and 40, or those who prefer a less invasive approach — endoscopic procedures offer an excellent balance of efficacy and safety.

Related reading:

• ESG vs Gastric Sleeve: A Detailed Comparison
• Bariatric Surgery Pros and Cons
• Why ESG Is a Game Changer

Who Is a Good Candidate?

You may be a good candidate for ESG if:

• Your BMI is between 30 and 40
• You have tried diet and exercise but have not achieved lasting results
• You want to avoid surgery
• You are motivated to follow a structured post-procedure diet and exercise programme
• You do not have a history of previous stomach surgery

You may be a good candidate for TORe if:

• You have previously had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
• You have regained a significant amount of weight after your bypass
• You experience dumping syndrome
• You want to avoid a second open or laparoscopic surgery

Not sure which option is right for you? Our Personal Health Profile Assessment can help determine your eligibility.

Why Choose Istanbul Bariatric Center for ESG?

At Istanbul Bariatric Center, we offer ESG as part of our comprehensive weight loss programmes. Our experienced team uses the latest endoscopic suturing technology, and every patient receives personalised aftercare including dietary guidance, exercise plans, and regular follow-up.

Our VIP treatment packages include airport transfers, luxury hotel accommodation, pre-operative testing, the procedure itself, and 12 months of aftercare support — all at a fraction of UK and US prices.

References

1. Abu Dayyeh BK. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for treatment of class I and II obesity (MERIT). Lancet. 2022. N=85 ESG; 150 exposed to ESG.
2. Alqahtani A. Prospective multicentre study of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. Gastrointest Endosc. 2023. N=656.
3. Bhandari M. Four-year outcomes of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. J Minim Access Surg. 2023. N=612.
4. Sharaiha RZ. Five-year outcomes of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021. N=216 (5-year follow-up N=56).
5. Abu Dayyeh BK. IFSO evidence-based review and position statement on ESG. Obes Surg. 2024. N=15,714.
6. Jirapinyo P. Five-year outcomes of transoral outlet reduction after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020. N=331.
7. Pontecorvi V. Long-term outcomes of transoral outlet reduction for dumping syndrome and weight regain. Obes Surg. 2023. N=87.
8. Dolan RD. Endoscopic versus surgical gastrojejunal revision: 5-year safety and efficacy comparison. Gastrointest Endosc. 2021. N=31 TORe vs 31 surgical.